-New Piping Systems

-Existing Piping Systems with Problems

-Existing Piping Systems Being Rerouted to Improve Process Conditions

-Incorrect setting of spring hangers, strut rods, and other supports

-Incorrect installation sequence of supports and restraints

-Flange misalignment

-Temporarily using come-a-long, portapower, jack screws, etc., to force the piping into position. When they are released, the loads are transferred on to the equipment

-Constant high vibrations

-Vibration levels increasing over the years

-Bearings and seals wear out quickly

-Piping requires hot alignment to reduce vibrations

-Lack of fixed restraints and guides

Piping systems are designed with the intent that piping stresses and piping loads on connected equipment are below their respective allowables. ASME b31 piping codes provide guidance to help achieve safe designs. it is then the responsibility of the design engineer to complete the piping design to be economical to construct, require low maintenance, and have high reliability.